Acidic and Basic strength in different cases complete information
TYPE 1.
p-Nitrophenol > p-Chlorophenol > phenol > p-Cresol > p-Methoxy phenol
p-NitroBenzoic acid > p-ChloroBenzoic acid > Benzoic acid > p-Toluic acid > p-Methoxy Benzoic acid
p-NitroAniline < p-ChloroAniline < Aniline < p-Toluidine < p-MethoxyAniline
TYPE 2…
o-BromoPhenol > m-BromoPhenol > p-BromoPhenol > Phenol [10]
o-ChloroPhenol [8.48] > m-ChloroPhenol [9.02] > p-ChloroPhenol [9.38]> Phenol
o-FluoroPhenol [8.81] > m-FluoroPhenol [9.28] > p-ChloroPhenol [9.95]> Phenol
o-Bromobenzoic acid [3.1] > m-BromoBenzoic acid [3.93]> p-BromoBenzoic acid [4.1] > Benzoic acid [4.17]
o-ChloroBenzoic acid [2.89] > m-ChloroBenzoic acid [3.82]> p-ChloroBenzoic acid [3.98]> Benzoic acid [4.17]
p-ChloroPhenol [9.38] > p-FluoroPhenol [9.95] > p-BromoPhenol > p-IodoPhenol > Phenol
p-ChloroBenzoic acid [3.98] > p-FluoroBenzoic acid [4.14] > p-BromoBenzoic acid [4.1] > p-IodoBenzoic acid > Benzoic acid
o-Bromoaniline [11.4] < m-Bromoaniline [10.49] < p-Bromoaniline [10.09] < Aniline
TYPE 3….
Phenol > m-Cresol [10.08] > p-Cresol [10.14] > o-Cresol [10.28]
O-Toluic acid [3.89] > Benzoic acid [4.17]> m-Toluic acid [4.28] > p-Toluic acid [4.35]
O-Toluidine < Aniline < m-Toluidine < p-Toluidine
TYPE 4…
m-Methoxyphenol [9.65] > Phenol > o-Methoxyphenol [9.98] > p-Methoxyphenol [10.21]
m-HydroxyPhenol (Benzene-1,3-diol) [9.44] > o-Hydroxyphenol (Benzene-1,2-diol) [9.48] > p-Hydroxyphenol (Benzene-1,4-diol) [9.96] > Phenol [10]
o-Methoxybenzoic acid = m- Methoxybenzoic acid > Benzoic acid > p-Methoxybenzoic acid
2,6-diHydroxybenzoic acid [2.3] > o-HydroxyBenzoic acid [2.98] > m-HydroxyBenzoic acid [4.08] > Benzoic acid > p-HydroxyBenzoic acid [4.58]
p-Methoxyaniline > Aniline > o-MethoxyAniline > m-Methoxyaniline [o-isomer should be weakest due to Ortho effect, but in meta-isomer, there is only –I effect hence it becomes weakest base]
TYPE 5…..
p- NitroPhenol [7.15] > o-Nitrophenol [7.23] > m-Nitrophenol [8.40] > Phenol
[o-isomer must be strongest acid, but due to chelation (intramolecular H-bonding) b/w adjacent–OH & – NO2, deprotonation becomes slightly difficult.]
[o-isomer must be strongest acid, but due to chelation (intramolecular H-bonding) b/w adjacent–OH & – NO2, deprotonation becomes slightly difficult.]
o-NitroBenzoic acid > p-NitroBenzoic acid > m-NitroBenzoic acid > Benzoic acid
o-Nitroaniline < p-Nitroaniline < m-Nitroaniline < Aniline
TYPE 6…..
0-Aminophenol [9.71] > m-Aminophenol [9.87] > Phenol > p-Aminophenol[10.3]
Benzoic acid [4.17] > m-Aminobenzoic acid [4.79] > p-AminoBenzoic acid [4.92] > o-Aminobenzoic acid (Anthranilic acid) [4.98]
TYPE 7..[HYDROGEN BONDING]
pKa1 (phthalic acid or Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid) < pKa1(Terephthalic acid or Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid) < pKa1 (Isophthalic acid or Benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid)
pKa1 (maleic acid) < pKa1(fumaric acid); pKa2 (maleic acid) > pKa2(fumaric acid)
TYPE 8..[SIR EFFECT]
2,6-diMethylbenzoic acid [3.21] > 2-t-ButylBenzoic acid [3.46] > o-Toluic acid [3.91]
3,5-diMethyl-4-CyanoPhenol > 2,6-diMethyl-4-CyanoPhenol ;
[Here, “NO” SIR effect as Cyano is a linear group so, second is less acidic due to closeness of both methyl group to –OH hence greater +I decreases acidic character.]
[Here, “NO” SIR effect as Cyano is a linear group so, second is less acidic due to closeness of both methyl group to –OH hence greater +I decreases acidic character.]
2,6-diMethyl-4-NitroPhenol > 3,5-diMethyl-4-NitroPhenol
[In second, due to SIR effect, Nitro group goes out of plane & hence unable to withdraw electron by –R effect.]
[In second, due to SIR effect, Nitro group goes out of plane & hence unable to withdraw electron by –R effect.]
2,4-diNitroBenzoic acid > 2-NitroBenzoic acid > 3,5-diNitroBenzoic acid
TYPE 9..[GENERAL ORDER]
RCO2H > RCO3H (peroxycarboxylic acids)
RSO3H > RCOOH > H2CO3 [6.3] > C6H5OH [10] > CH3OH [15.5] > H2O [15.7]> ROH > RC#CH > NH3 > RCH=CH2 > RCH3 > H2
RSH >ROH
TYPE 10..[GENERAL EXCEPTIONS]
Formic acid [3.75] > Benzoic acid [4.17] > Acetic acid [4.74] [IIT 85]
C6H5-CH2-CO-OH > CH2=CH-CH2-CO-OH
CH#C-CO-OH > CH2=CH-CO-OH > CH3CH2COOH
CH#C-CH2-CO-OH [3.22] > CH2=CH-CH2-CO-OH [4.35]
TYPE 11..(GASEOUS PHASE/FIELD EFFECT)
t-BUTANOL > n-BUTANOL
PROPANOIC ACID > ACETIC ACID
TYPE 12..[GENERAL]
pKa value of CF3-CO-OH is zero (0.18) & it is the strongest organic acid known.[(10^5 times stronger than acetic acid.]
Formic acid is 10 times stronger than Acetic Acid.
N3H [2.810^(-5)] > CH3COOH [1.810^(-5)]
Beta-KETOESTERS are stronger acids than Alcohols & Esters.
NC-CH2-CO-OH > CH3-CO-CH2-CO-OH
CH3COOH > HO-CH2=CH2-OH > HO-OH > CH3CH2OH [IIT-80]
OXIMES(>C=N-OH) > HYDROXYL AMINE (NH2OH)
TYPE 14..[ACID-BASE REACTIONS]
Acid-base equilibriums move towards formation of weaker acids & weaker bases.
2,4,6-triNitroPhenol or Picric acid [0.38] does dissolve in aq NaHCO3
Carboxylic acids dissolves in aq NaHCO3 whereas Phenol does not.
4-ChloroPhenol dissolves in NaOH (aq.) whereas 4-Chloro-1-methylBenzene does not.
· Electron releasing groups (ERG) increase e- density of bases or stabilises “cationic conjugate acids” & hence increase basic character.
· EWG increase stabilisation of “anionic” conjugate bases & hence increase acidic character.
· Acidic Character is proportional to Stability of corresponding conjugate base.
· Basic Character is proportional to Stability of corresponding conjugate acid.
· Inductive effect operates from ortho as well as meta & para-positions & inductive effect is strongest from ortho position (being nearest).
· Resonance or mesomeric effect does not affect from groups attached at meta positions. However it does affect from both ortho and para-positions with equal intensity.
· Alkyl groups exert release e- by hyperconjugation effect (+H) from ortho & para-positions.
· The groups having lone pair at the key atom (e,g -OH, -OR, -O-CO-R, -NH2, -NHR, NR2, -NH-CO-R, -X etc.) exert +R effect(release e- by resonance) when conjugated (alternate or attached) to unsaturated system like aromatic ring e,g, Benzene ring.
· Order of +R effect: -NH2 > -OR > -OH >-OCH3 > -OCOR > -F > -Cl
· CH3OH is slightly stronger acid than water hence -OCH3 is slightly more e- donating than -OH.
· For -Cl, -Br & -I , +R effect is almost ineffective due to poor overlap of 2p orbital of Carbon with 3p or 4p or 5p of Cl, Br or I.
· The groups having Key atom multiply bonded to more powerful electronegative atoms (e.g -NO2, -CN, -CHO, -CO-R, -COCl, -CONH2, -CO-O-COR, -CO-OR, etc) exert -R effect (withdraw e- by resonance) when conjugated (alternate or attached) to unsaturated system like aromatic ring e,g, Benzene ring.
· Due to ortho effect, in most cases,-
· “Ortho-isomer of Benzoic acid is strongest Acid as compared to Simple benzoic acid or meta & para-isomers & Ortho- isomer of Aniline is Weakest Base as compared to Simple Aniline or meta & para-isomers.”
